![]() Thus, for instance, the path of a particle has no meaning beyond the precision with which it is observed. First, if we accept Heisenberg's argument that every concept has a meaning only in terms of the experiments used to measure it, we must agree that things that cannot be measured really have no meaning in physics. Heisenberg realized that the uncertainty relations had profound implications. At the same time it grewīrighter overhead, and the light suddenly changed color.Cartoon by John Richardson for Physics World, March 1998 All at once the mist became soĭense that we lost sight of one another completely, and could ![]() We decided to keepĬlimbing, though we felt rather anxious about getting downĪgain if anything went wrong. Time, we found ourselves in a confused jumble of rocks and During theĬlimb, the mist had begun to close in upon us, and, after a Poor, and the mountains were veiled in clouds. Youth Movement, probably in the late autumn of 1924. If I think back on the state of atomic theory in those months, IĪlways remember a mountain walk with some friends from the Guessing them from similarities with the formulae of classical Much to deriving the correct mathematical relationships as to Theory of dispersion phenomena, our efforts were devoted not so Once again spent in Copenhagen, trying to develop Kramers' Niels Bohr's correspondence principle was used to guess the "quantum conditions' that were the foundations of the old and new quantum theories.Įven during the subsequent winter term, which I ![]() Mechanics, and whose vague outlines could already be discerned Mechanics that would one day oust the old Newtonian Summer of 1924, we had begun to speak of a new quantum In the seminars run by Max Born in Göttingen during the They had come to appreciate that, by skillful use of the resultingįreedom, they could, on occasion, guess the correct mathematical ![]() They became used to the fact that theĬoncepts and models of classical physics were not rigorouslyĪpplicable to processes on the atomic scale. And so physicists gradually learned to adapt themselves Modification produced new formulae that fitted the experimental Now it appeared that, although theįormulae derived from Bohr's theory were incorrect, a minor Intensity ratio of spectral lines in a so-called multiplet had produced Moreover,Īttempts by the Dutch physicist, Ornstein, to determine the That a light ray is a wave and not a stream of particles. Waves was that the former are of shorter length in other words, To suggest that the only basic difference between light and radio The other hand, there was a great deal of experimental evidence Through space with great velocity and occasionally-e.g.,ĭuring the process of scattering-colliding with an electron. That light consists of small corpuscles or packets of energy, moving This result could be explained by Einstein's hypothesis It is very likely that Bohr also still had his doubts about wave-particle duality. Heisenberg did not yet accept Einstein's 1905 idea of light quanta localized as particles. Henry Quastler Adolphe Quételet Pasco Rakic Lord Rayleigh Jürgen Renn Emil Roduner Juan Roederer Jerome Rothstein David Ruelle Tilman Sauerīiosemiotics Free Will Mental Causation James Symposium
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